Critical Review of the Last Days of Hitler Essay - 913 Words

Trevor-Roper, Hugh. The Last Days of Hitler. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992. Reviewed by Frank Tommasini Shortly after the end of WWII, British Intelligence officer Hugh Trevor-Roper was given the task to establish the facts of Hitlers end, and thereby to prevent the growth of a myth. His report, later published as â€Å"The Last Days of Hitler†, draws on Allied intelligences interrogations of survivors who spent time in the bunker during the last ten days of Hitlers life. Trevor-Roper organizes his book chronologically, but its more a series of character sketches than a strict time line of events. We see a raving, physically broken, nearly insane Hitler contemplating both his heroic death and the complete and†¦show more content†¦It pays a great deal of attention to what was going on outside the bunker and provides fascinating accounts of what was happening to other Nazi leaders, such as Himmler, Goering, Speer, Doenitz, and many others. It also does an excellent job of placing Hitlers last days within the fuller context of both Nazi and 20th-century German history. Trevor-Roper clearly explains the political intrigue that was going on in the FuhrerBunker in the final days. Even at the end Hitler was continually questioning his aides about a German relief army that was coming to rescue Berlin from the clutches of the Russians. This army in fact had long since surrendered. Hitlers and Goebbels response to Roosevelts death was bizarre to say the least- with the end of the war rapidly approaching they took FDRs death to be an omen that Germany would soon gain the upper hand and eventually win the war. Himmlers deluded attempt to negotiate a peace with the western allies and have himself be the new fuhrer showed how out of touch with reality he was. In fact most of the major players in this book were seriously deficient in the reality department. One of the few rational people in the bunker Fegelin, (Hitlers brother in law) saw a bad situation and left the bunker and went back to his own house. Unfortunately, he was found by members of Hitler ’s guard and was brought back to the bunker where he was eventually shot. Without the sources, Trevor-Roper would of neverShow MoreRelatedThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini977 Words   |  4 PagesFacts about the author Khaled Hosseini was born in March 4th, 1965 in Kabul, Afghanistan and he is an Afghan-American novelist. He debuted in the year 2003 and released his book called â€Å"The Kite Runner†. The book opened to widespread critical acclaim and strong commercial success worldwide. And for this kind of novel he received Alex Award, Boeke Prize, ALA Notable Book and a lot of other prestigious awards. He has then authored several other books in his career. There was no turning back for KhaledRead MoreLeni Riefenstahl3703 Words   |  15 Pages The themes of the struggle to survive and natural beauty featured in such mountain films would later appear as a major influence in Riefenstahl’s own work as a director both from the technical and artistic point of view. Only 18 months after the day she became aware of mountain films and her new career, Riefenstahl appeared in her first film directed by Dr Arnold Fanck. Fanck was to become more than her lover and director, he was to become her mentor and one of the main influences on her directorialRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Arab Israeli Conflict1420 Words   |  6 Pagesto discern the culprit and contrive a remedy. The story behind this age old conflict is, as quoted by Israeli historian Illan Pappe, â€Å"the simple but horrific story of the ethnic cleansing of Palestine† (qtd. In â€Å"The Catastrophe†). As such, thorough review of the causes behind this ethnocentric conflict is vital in understanding the tumultuous power struggle in Israel and the violent instability of the region as a whole. While many believe the conflict is of a religious dispute, in actuality it is notRead More The Battle of France2514 Words   |  11 PagesPoland, Denmark, and Norway. However, not content with northern and eastern expansion, Adolf Hitler wanted to control the western countries in Europe. Hitler had long been obsessed with attacking and controlling France. After their defeat in World War I, the German people, government, and military were humiliated by the enormous post war sanctions leveraged against them from the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler wanted to defeat and humiliate the French people in the same way that his country had to experienceRead MoreCriminology And The Social Theory Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagesovercome street crimes) and sociology (such as the deviance amplification model). The collaboration between various disciplines and experts within the field means the complexity of crime is valued highly. Jock Young, ‘In Praise of Dangerous Thoughts: a Review’ explains how criminology aids the ability to look at criminal behaviour in a micro sense as ‘an intricate understanding of crime initiates thorough conceptualisation of people an d wider society in relation to crime.’ Due to the nature of criminologyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The 57 Books By Elie Wiesel2436 Words   |  10 Pagesmillions who perished under the Nazi regime- a duty to bear testimony. He believes that without this testimony, his life would not be what it is: â€Å"That of a witness who believes he has a moral obligation to try to prevent the enemy from enjoying one last victory by allowing his crimes to be erased from human memory†. Further, he believes- â€Å"For the survivor who chooses to testify, it is clear: his duty is to bear witness for the dead and for the living. He has no right to deprive future generationsRead MoreGeorge Orwell23689 Words   |  95 Pagesloyalty. In certain circumstances it can break down, at certain levels of civilization it does not exist, but as a positive force there is nothing to set beside it. Christianity and international Socialism are as weak as straw in comparison with it. Hitler and Mussolini rose to power in their own countries very largely because they could grasp this fact and their opponents could not. Also, one must admit that the divisions between nation and nation are founded on real differences of outlook. Till recentlyRead MoreThe Road by Cormac McCarthy and Blindness by Jose Saramago Essay3315 Words   |  14 Pagesalso evident through his decision to buy a gun in anticipation of the worst possible scenario. Contrary to popular belief, he does not purchase this weapon with the inte ntion of using it on unsuspecting scavengers, but with the main objective of one day having to kill his own son. The man attempts to prepare himself for the possibility that he may have to shield his son from unspeakable evil by killing the boy himself. He continuously questions his abilities by thinking: â€Å"Can you do it? When the timeRead MoreThe Impact Of Shakespeare s Character Representation1998 Words   |  8 Pagesgeneralized enough for the topic to be stretched across our daily life, but Shakespeare’s poems and plays are specific and shot straight into the very nerve that controls thought provocation. Even the legendary Sonnet 18, â€Å"Shall I Compare thee to a Summer’s Day,† is still prominent in todays society for its ability to shortly display immense infatuation. But readers do not have to take just my word for it. In an accounting of an address of by H.B. Charlton, a scholar of Shakespeare, he stated that â€Å"when an

The Myelin Sheath And Its Effects On The Human Body

Introduction Multiple Sclerosis, or MS, is a disease where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath surrounding axons of neurons in the Central Nervous System (CNS). In severe cases, Multiple Sclerosis can break down the nerves themselves. This leads to communication problems within the brain and between the brain and the rest of the body (Mayo Clinic.) The myelin sheath is an insulator- it surrounds and nourishes the axons. Exposing small points called the Nodes of Ranvier. The combination of the nodes and sheath is meant to speed up signal sent by that neuron (Morell, Pierre.) Damage to the sheath, causes the electrical signal to be drastically slowed down, leading to harmful effects in the human body. Symptoms vary widely depending on which nerves the disease affects. Symptoms range from nominal mobility issues to complete dysfunction (Mayo Clinic.) The damaged myelin and nerve fibers are replaced with scar tissue- called sclerosis- which is where the disease gets its name. While many scientists believe Multiple Sclerosis to be an autoimmune disease, the exact proteins that trigger the immune response of MS are unknown. Because of this, the il lness is considered to be an immune mediated disease, but this may change in the future (National Multiple Sclerosis Society.) Etiology While the progressive neurological symptoms of MS have been observed in patients through medical history, it wasn t until 1868 that it was given a name and defined by Jean-Martin CharcotShow MoreRelatedMultiple Sclerosis And The Central Nervous System1605 Words   |  7 Pagescollectively known as the central nervous system. Multiple sclerosis evolves gradually throughout time and is considered to be auto-immune, which means the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues that are supposed to be within the body. According to Medscape, symptoms consist of, but are not limited to, sexual problems, ataxia (the inability to control certain muscle movements as defined by Tortora and Derrickson), fatigue, and optic neuritis. Multiple sclerosis is characterizedRead MoreEvaluation Of A Case Study1571 Words   |  7 Pagesconfirm the client diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. Researchers have concluded that Multiple Sclerosis occurs whereby the patient’s own imm une system attacks the protein that is found in the myelin sheath and this result in the demyelination of the myelin sheath. So when there is lost of myelin in one’s body, blocking of the action potential propagation occurs and this lead to the patient to experience the sign and symptoms, the client physical weakness especially balance and coordination in herRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Multiple Sclerosis1107 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand and am aware of the disease because the actual cause of the disease in still a mystery. The environment and our genes could play a role in contributing to the disease. As discussed in class, from the Human Anatomy and Physiology 9th edition by Marieb and Hoehn (2013), our bodies have billions of neurons, also called as nerve cells. Every neurons contains something called dendrites, which looks like branches, and an axon joined by the axon hillock. The dendrites are part the receives theRead MoreInformation Can Control Behavior Without Creating A Conscious Sensation1231 Words   |  5 Pagesnervous system. Dualism meaning two, is the belief that mind and body are separate. Desacretes (Dualist) believed without interchange that the mind and body functioned separately. Behavioral neuroscientist take the Monistic approach to study human nature, they believe that brain and the mind are basically the same thing. Most individuals believe that once you learn the working of the human body and nervous system the mind and body issue will be answered. It’s subjective, some people feel â€Å"I thinkRead MoreNotes On The And Its Effects On Body And Body Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pagesbegins in the medial or center portions of the body and gradually moves outward to the extremities or appendages. I think that this concept is interesting because infants have motor control of their arms, but struggle using their hands and fingers until they are a little older. It is not a deficit of any kind, but simply a step in their developmental growth. 2. Myelination (p.93): Myelination is an essential part to having healthy working neurons in your body and in your brain. Myelination is the processRead MoreIsolation And Isolation Of Frankenstein By Mary Shelley1656 Words   |  7 Pagesalone and isolated. The creature becomes very lonely and angry toward his creator. He then vows to make Victor’s life miserable for creating, abandoning, and isolated him. (Shelley) Isolation not only has grave effects on the monster’s human interaction and social development, but on humans, too. Isolation can cause someone to be or become emotionally unstable. In the book Frankenstein, Victor creates a creature that comes to life, and he later abandons the creature. The creature then becomes isolatedRead MoreFormalin-Prepared Optic Nerves : Case Study1422 Words   |  6 Pages ll Formalin- prepared optic nerves (ON) was mainly used as the materials and sources of information in the study. To identify the human ON areas where demyelination has occurred, Jennings and Caroll used luxol fast blue (LFB) and hamatoxylin and eosin. Cat ON, on the other hand, were stained with toluidine to distinguish the myelin sheaths in preparation for electron microscopy processing. After this, immunohistochemistry was effectually conducted in order to differentially mark the neurogliaRead MoreWhat Makes Multiple Sclerosis Be Treated Or Prevented?853 Words   |  4 Pagesyour immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers your nerves† (Mayo Clinic). The immune system is a defensive system that protects your body from diseases and illnesses such as parasites and bacteria (Science Museum). Not only does your immune system defend the human body but also the immune system can work against the body, which is known as autoimmune disease. Since the immune sy stem is working against your body to attack the myelin, this creates an opportunity for multipleRead MoreFighting Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis With Copaxone1262 Words   |  6 PagesFighting Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis with Copaxone Imagine a disease that has the potential to disrupt and ultimately destroy the human nervous system by attacking the myelin sheath. This is not a rare disease. In fact, it affects over 350,000 people in the United States alone (Nordqvist). The ratio of women to men that contract the disease is 2 to 1 and it is a leading cause of disability in young adults (Olek). This disease is not only widespread, it is chronic and has no known cause or cure.Read MoreThe Nervous System ( Cns ) Essay2025 Words   |  9 Pages The systems inside our body interact with each other in order for us to adapt to the changes inside and outside of our body. The human body is able to adjust and control the different organs, cells, and tissues by contacting the brain with electrical impulses which then goes onto adjust and reply to the signals to maintain the proper function of the body.

Violence in TV and society Free Essays

How the nature and frequency of violence in television programs and movies effects socializing and being socialized. â€Å"Sociology offers a perspective, a view of the world. The sociological perspective opens a window onto unfamiliar worlds†and offers a fresh look at familiar ones (Henslin3). We will write a custom essay sample on Violence in TV and society or any similar topic only for you Order Now † With socialization being such a huge part of our daily lives, it is important that we get the right socialization. Today much of our youth’s socialization skills are being obtained from mass media sources, and in particular social networking and television. A single glance at a children’s television show gives you only a slight limpse of the violence portrayed in todays children TV shows. As Americans we are exposed to violence on a daily basis. Just turning on the TV we are bombarded with news of violent acts, and violent TV shows or movies. This has changed violence into a symbol of despair, and a solution to most situations. Thus changing our perspective of symbolic interactionism, and its relationship to becoming socialized negatively. The symbolism of violence has been altered, desensitizing us to violent acts. Dave Grossman argues that this is something that has long been used in the ilitary to train soldiers to perform their duty, however these same techniques have been used unintentionally on the general population which more drastic effects. Because this desensitization is taking place during childhood rather then in late teens and early twenties, the social constraints that are normally emplace to prevent people from acting out such as norms and sanctions have not been instilled the same way they would be in a 18 or 19 year old. The results have been a drastic increase in violence. Television is by far the medium of mass media socialization. Children watch an average of 3 to 4 hours of television a day (AACAP). It has a huge effect on young children. Children are watching people interact, but are not actually interacting. Time that should be spent outside interacting with other children has been replaced with televisions, which dramatically reduces children’s social sills. Television satisfies social needs to some extent but does not give real life social skills that can be used. Along with decreased social skills, children are becoming socialized the wrong way. The majority of children perceive things on television as real. â€Å"When young children see somebody shot, stabbed, raped, brutalized, degraded, r murdered on TV, to them it is as though it were actually happening. To have a child of three, four, or five watch a â€Å"splatter† movie, learning to relate to a character for the first 90 minutes and then in the last 30 minutes watch helplessly as that new friend is hunted and brutally murdered is the moral and psychological equivalent of introducing your child to a friend, letting her play with that friend, and then butchering that friend in front of your child’s eyes. And this happens to our children hundreds upon hundreds of times. † (Grossman) Is this the way we really want our kids to become socialized? To answer this question we must dig deeper, and discover what it really means to become socialized. As stated by our book, â€Å"Socialization makes us human† When we are born, we do not know what it means to be human. We do not nave any ideas. We do not know now to speak, or now to act . We must learn now to do all these things, and only then, do we develop a self. With socialization being such a huge part of becoming† human† it is essential to get the right kind of socialization, which includes Symbolic interactionism. (Henslin) The symbolic interactionism perspective of sociology views society as a product of everyday social nteractions of individuals. Symbolic interactionists also study how people use symbols to create meaning. In studying violence, these theorists look at how people in everyday situations define violence, which differs between cultures and settings. (Spark notes) In the US particularly violence has become part of the norm. Most children start out watching kid friendly and educational programs, and around the ages of three or four start watching shows like Tom and Jerry and Loony toons. Although these shows are somewhat kid friendly they still portray violence as acceptable. Violence is portrayed to be comedic. Thus desensitizing kids to violence in an indirect way. As children grow older, parental controls grow loser, allowing children to watch more violent, and adult rated TV shows, and movies. The exposure to violence at such a young age alters values, and norms. Children begin to perceive violence as normal, and as a solution to everything. Children’s shows like Ben10, Looney Toons, and Power rangers portray † the good guys† trying to save the word, by taking drastic and most likely violent measures. The â€Å"cool† factor of these shows is actually kids becoming more and more desensitized to violence. Although these shows have not been proven to turn a normal child into a deviant. â€Å"Hundreds of studies of the effects of TV violence on children and teenagers have found that children may become â€Å"immune† or numb to the horror of violence. They may gradually accept violence as a way to solve problems, or imitate the violence they observe on television; and identify with certain characters, victims and/or victimizers (Grossman). † Keeping in mind that Socialization is the core of our existence and ability to interact with others, we can gather that excessive violence on TV shows, has huge negative impact on children’s socialization skills, and most importantly that it affects the symbolic interactionism that takes place in all stages of socialization. How to cite Violence in TV and society, Papers

The Importance of Community for Young Children free essay sample

More and more research is being conducted every day that gives us a clearer picture of how young children learn. We now know more about what children need in order to grow emotionally and intellectually. For example, research shows that active, physical, and cognitively stimulating play is necessary for optimal brain growth and development.   Research has also proven what common sense tells us: children grow and thrive in the context of close and dependable relationships. These relationships must provide love and nurturance, security, responsive interaction, and encouragement for exploration. A child’s first experience with this kind of relationship is at home with a loving family.When you entrust your child to the care of early childhood professionals, you not only want your child to be safe and to learn, you also want your child to be accepted and valued, to feel she belongs in the school community. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Community for Young Children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is important, of course, but what families often do not understand is how important it is for you to be a part of the school community. Children feel more confident and comfortable at school when they feel their families are a part of the community as well. What are some ways that your family can be members of your school community? First and foremost, work with the school director and your child’s teacher to build and maintain a trusting, open, and honest relationship. Through working together, keeping the lines of communication open, and listening to each other’s perspectives and expertise, you can ensure that your child has the best educational experience possible. There are lots of other ways to be a part of the community and be involved in the life of the school. Try some of these ideas:Chaperone a class field tripShare a special interest or talent, like singing or gardening with your child’s class (or the whole school community)Teach children a skill you have, like sewing or playing an instrumentHelp out in your child’s class for an hour or two whenever you can. You could read with children, play games with them, or help them with special projectsDonate objects from home to your child’s classroomOffer to share your occupation and the â€Å"tools of the trade† with your child’s class. Even though you may think that your job is not very interesting, children will be fascinated. Whether you are a secretary, a doctor, a postal worker, or a mechanic, children will be very interested in what you do and in the tools and equipment you use to do your job.Remember that however you can be involved, whatever you can do, your  child will benefit if you are an active member of the school community.

Emails as a mode of communication

A General Anasthetic Drug Sciences Essay Example

A General Anasthetic Drug Sciences Essay Example A General Anasthetic Drug Sciences Essay A General Anasthetic Drug Sciences Essay A general anesthetic is best defined as a drug capable of bring oning a reversible loss of esthesis, consciousness and mobility. Diethyl ether, used by William Morton in 1846 to execute a painless tooth extraction was the first good documented historical instance of a general anesthetic being used for both its anodyne belongingss every bit good its anesthetic map. Prior to this, nevertheless, ethyl alcohol had been used for many old ages as a method of dulling the patients esthesiss before surgery. The mechanism behind the analgetic and amnestic effects of ethyl alcohol and other anesthetics has long been thought to affect a transition in map of neural membrane proteins, nevertheless, throughout history many erroneous theories have gained false acceptance and the precise mechanism of ethyl alcohol and modern general anesthetics still remains an issue of contention. It is ab initio of import to divide and clarify more clearly the actions of general anesthetics as both an analgetic, and an effector of both consciousness and mobility. To analyze the difference between hurting and nociception, we must ab initio understand the slightly intertwined terminology by specifying exactly what we mean by both footings. Essentially nociception specifically refers to the nervous procedures of encoding and treating noxious stimuli , in kernel the physiological determiner behind the esthesis of pain.1 The 1960 s work by R.Melzack and P.Wall was the first to set up the footing of our current position of hurting, mentioning controlled gate theory as the method behind nociception. In so making, their work rebutted the two traditional reciprocally sole theories of hurting ; specificity theory ( which envisioned hurting as a specific mode ) and pattern theory ( which claimed that hurting was a response to intense stimulation of non-specific receptors ) . It is of import to observe that the traditional theories behind the esthesis of hurting do besides try to analyze nociception but fail to adequately explicate the nervous mechanism. The Melzack-Wall gate control theory provinces that the substantia gelatinosa modulates the sensory nerve forms. In so making the theory was successful in incorporating afferent upstream procedures with motorial downstream transition from the brain.1 It is hard to pull a clear and precise differentiation between anesthetics and anodynes as many anesthetics have analgetic belongingss, although this differentiation is made clearer with general anesthetics as few, if any, anodynes cause loss of consciousness if administered in appropriate doses. Some general anesthetics are capable of straight decreasing station operation nociception by moving on neural membrane proteins ( see below ) , whilst others produce the consequence of cut downing hurting by slaking centripetal responses such as force per unit area, proprioception and heat. It has late been speculated that some general anesthetics may even increase station operative hurting and so redness ( e.g. propofol and etomidate ) .2 Ethanol is an interesting drug in footings of its belongingss as a general anesthetic. Historically ethyl alcohol was administered to persons as a signifier of hurting alleviation prior to operations and had the consequence of dulling esthesis. This was in fact non straight impacting the nociception in an single but instead apparently cut downing their degrees of hurting by by and large dejecting activity in the nervous system moving more as an anesthetic than an analgetic. . Ethanol neer produced the effects of modern general anesthetic drugs in worlds, nevertheless, it is still often used in research affecting other smaller animate beings, peculiarly invertebrates as a signifier of general anaesthetic.3 Ethanol is known to impact both the cardinal and peripheral nervous system and deject the activity of both. For the intent of general anesthetics the prevailing consequence of involvement is that on the spinal cord and the encephalon. Probes into anaesthetic belongingss of ethyl alcohol on the spinal cord in rats indicate that a reversible depression in excitant post-synaptic potencies ( glutamate, AMPA and NMDA receptors ) is induced upon disposal of an equal dosage. Furthermore, the slow ventral root potency ( NMDA + metabotropic receptors ) and the dorsal root possible ( GABAAreceptors, via glutamate-excited interneurons ) are besides diminished.3 These responses are really similar in consequence to those induced as a consequence of the inspiration of modern general anesthetics used in worlds and exemplify the depressive consequence ethyl alcohol can hold on NMDA and AMPA receptor mediated transmittal. In add-on, it has been indicated that augmentation of GABAergic transmittal is countermanded by the depression in activity of interneurons as a consequence of suitably high ethyl alcohol concentrations. This demonstrates that the mechanisms of action of ethyl alcohol are widespread and many different receptors are affected. Contemporaneous surveies into the consequence of ethyl alcohol ( when administered in measures below those capable of act uponing alterations in receptor binding ) in rat encephalons indicate a less generalized mechanism of action and suggest that specifically Gs protein map is affected via the suppression of camp formation. These surveies play down the axial rotation of ethyl alcohol in act uponing the map of Gi and Go proteins, every bit good as GABAB ( and its related signal transduction ) and the adenylate cyclase system.4 This was tested by handling membrane cysts with an acidic solution which was known to bring on suppression of the map of the Gs protein entirely. The depressive consequence of ethyl alcohol on camp formation was abolished. Despite this, ethyl alcohol is typically viewed as a general fluidizer of membranes and is merely effectual in doing general anesthesia in big doses. Small concentrations of ethyl alcohol cause no important alteration in membrane fluidness. This possibly indicates that ethyl alcohol reduces the esthesis of hurting by moving as an anesthetic which explains its usage as an early pain-killer or analgetic for operations. I use this phrase really slackly here, as its analgetic belongingss arise as a effect of its system-generalised anesthetic qualities.5,6 It is deserving adverting that there is, to this twenty-four hours, no unequivocal and universally accepted mechanism of action of general anesthetics. There are, nevertheless, several ab initio established theories that have now been mostly discredited. The work of Meyer and Overton independently were the first indicants that general anesthetic ( such as isoflurane ) authority might be associated with lipid solubility. They concluded that the greater the lipid solubility of a possible anesthetic in olive oil, the greater its authority ( Fig1 ) .7 This lipid action theory was furthered in 1973 by the work of Miller and Smith who theorised that big, hydrophobic anesthetic molecules aggregate within neural membranes and bring on enlargement of the membrane due to displacement. This was thought to bring forth an anesthetic consequence by reversibly altering the morphology of trans-membrane ion channels ( Fig2 ) . The suggestion was that the molecular volume was the critical constituent of an anesthetic as opposed to the chemical construction. This is known as the critical volume hypothesis and is supported by the force per unit area reversal consequence ( increasing atmospheric force per unit area diminishes the efficaciousness of general anesthetics ) .8 These two theories were mostly disproved for legion grounds. Most convincing rebuttals centre on the fact that the supposed changes in membrane denseness could likewise be produced by little alterations in organic structure temperature without arousing anesthesia. Furthermore, many really lipid soluble drugs did non move as anesthetics, and some stereoisomers, despite holding the same oil/gas divider coefficients had radically different anesthetic effectivity. Evidence suggests that there is a correlativity between authority of anesthetics and lipid solubility, nevertheless, these theories do nt bespeak a lipid mark site. This theory is based on the sensitiveness of specific trans-membrane ion channels to changes in the force per unit area within the membrane. Soluble general anesthetics that collect within the bilayer are thought to act upon this force per unit area, doing a alteration in the conformational equilibrium of ligand gated ion channels and other such proteins ( as mentioned in the subdivision on ethyl alcohols above ) . This mechanism suggests that the specifying factor in general anesthetic authority is determined by its stereochemistry non the chemical construction, or lipid solubility entirely. The theory is as follows: ab initio upon an reaching of an action potency the cross sectional country of a Na channel protein is increased on the bilayer surface more than in the center. However, the presence of the anesthetic in the bilayer, and the subsequent deformation of force per unit area near the extracellular sphere increases the likeliness of the ion channel to switch to the closed pro vince as greater work is required to get the better of the higher force per unit area at the interface ( Fig3 ) .9 The modern lipid hypothesis suggests that anesthetics do non straight act upon membrane protein marks, but instead interrupt the force per unit area in the protein-lipid bilayer that acts as a go-between. This is a different and fresh transduction mechanism. It is eventually deserving adverting that many scientists still believe that the current lipid hypothesis does non to the full explicate the mechanism behind the action of general anesthetics, and some believe that a more specific membrane protein hypothesis ( similar to that of ethyl alcohol ) holds the key to unknoting the precise mechanisms of action of general anesthetics.

Strongest sources of legitimacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strongest sources of legitimacy - Essay Example Another thing that can be said to be a strong source of the strength of the US democracy is the level of self-reliance in the American society. Through self-reliance citizens are given the chance to practice their own will as long as their actions are within the boundaries of the US laws. In the United States of America this can be seen in the way social workers work with the society with the aim of making sure that self-help groups are successful so that the members could be independent (Shively, 2011). Self-reliance is further enhanced by US education system and the spirit of equal opportunities that is encouraged by the constitution. Freedom and the free market economy can also be said to be contributing to the country’s democracy. When people operate under free market they are able to practice democracy without having fears of being discriminated. This can be seen in the number of occasions that people have staged demonstrations whenever they felt that democracy was being abused in the

Paper about self deception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Paper about self deception - Essay Example For instance, there is a tendency to believe that African Americans are generally good basketball players. Although this is a positive stereotyping, this also indicates that people will also indulge in negative stereotypes (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 220). One important influence is the media as often news articles are biased towards certain communities like the blacks, Hispanics or the Jewish. In order to gain viewership from the majority groups, media often focuses on crime committed by the minorities as viewers would better respond to this. Thus, media perpetuates racial stereotyping by indicating blacks are more crime prone than the whites. It is not always true that people consider all the factors before making judgmental decisions in a rational way. Robert B. Cialdini suggests that people are often restricted by time or distance and so they tend to make their decisions based on cognitive shortcuts known as judgmental heuristics. According to Cialdini, â€Å"we must very often use our sterotypes, our rules of thumb, to classify things according to a few key features and then to respond without thinking when one or another of these trigger features is present† (Triche, 18). Racial stereotyping occurs not from judging one individual but by attributing certain characteristics to a group of people. It is based on irrational knowledge collected from various sources. Therefore, although stereotyping can lead to cognitive shortcuts they often lead to false results. Stereotyping hinders development of human thought and social progress. Stereotyping involves cognitive component, i.e. ideas that people connect with a certain group or community based on their culture and society. This process of stereotyping includes â€Å"encoding and storage of stereotype concepts, the selection and activation of these concepts into working memory and their

Frederick Douglas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Frederick Douglas - Essay Example At the age of only a few weeks, Douglass separated from his mother and was ultimately raised by his grandparents. However, at the age of six years, Douglass’ grandmother unexpectedly took him to his master’s plantation to reside. At eight years of age, Douglass was sent to live with Hugh and Sophia Auld who were his master’s relatives. While living with the Auld family, Sophia Auld began to teach Douglass how to read and write, which was contrary to state laws (Houston, 1986). Douglass escaped slavery when he attained 20 years, married and moved to Massachusetts where he adopted the name â€Å"Douglass† and started to talk on behalf of abolitionism. Ultimately, Douglass embarked on a three-year speaking tour through northern cities creating public support for the abolitionist cause by informing and educating audiences regarding the detriments of slavery. Douglass’ primary communication style was a rhetorical speech style. In the year 1845, Douglass wrote his initial autobiography and named it Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. The book was quite moving and addressed the virtue of the abolitionist movement by relaying Douglass’ struggle to seek freedom. Notably, Douglass identified his slave owner by name, and his book ultimately became a bestseller. However, since the book revealed Douglass’ identity, he was compelled to exile in England so as to avoid seizure by slave traders (Huggins & Handlin, 1997). In 1846, Douglass’ British slavery abolitionist friends bought his freedom. Consequently, Douglass returned to the US in 1847 and moved to Rochester, New York where he launched his abolitionist newspaper referred to as The North Star. Douglass’ children assisted his publish the four-page newspaper. Douglass’ involvement with the Underground Railroad intensified in the mid 1850s following the increased strength of the abolitionist movement. Douglass often housed con ductors such as Harriet Tubman at his home while the conductors were en route to Canada. The infamous Dred Scott Supreme Court decision of 1857 in which the court ruled that the US Constitution did not recognize the fundamental rights of black people infuriated Douglass and intensified the national debate regarding slavery. When the Civil War started in the year 1861, Douglass perceived it as a moral crusade to create a true democracy by freeing slaves. Throughout the course of the war, Douglass traveled across the country requesting President Lincoln to put an end to slavery and enroll black troops into the war effort. Douglas played a pivotal role in the recruitment of black soldiers into the Union Army after President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. Since then, Douglas became Lincoln’s advisor throughout the Civil War. Douglass advocated for constitutional revisions, which would outlaw slavery and allow blacks a legally provided place in the American society. The 13th Constitutional Amendment illegalized slavery while the 14th Constitutional Amendment provided citizenship rights to all persons born in the US, and the 15th Amendment permitted voting to males aged over 21 years. After the conclusion of the Civil War, Douglass held numerous government posts, for instance, in 1877, President Rutherford Hayes appointed Douglass a Federal Marshal for Washington DC. In 1889, Douglass became Haiti’s Minister and in the 1890s; he went back to lecture circuit so as to denounce lynching

The Importance Of Data Collection

The Importance Of Data Collection In this chapter, data collection will be carrying out to meet its aim and objectives. Data collection is a way to describe a process of preparing and collection data. Furthermore data collection can defined as an important aspect of any type of research study. Any inaccurate data collection may lead to invalid result and affect result of study. In other word, this chapter will review method applies in data collection that determine the level of knowledge of the all site workers awareness to hazardous work and safety and health training. A research study can gain information with two sources which are primary sources and secondary sources. The information that obtains by internet, book, journals and magazines are secondary sources. However interview and questionnaire are classify as primary sources which these two method can obtains information and get a real picture of the study. There are three methods can be carried out to collect data. These three methods can define as case study, interview and questionnaire. In this chapter, researcher decides to use interview to collect data. To make the research more clearly and fully interpreted for achieving three objectives. Researcher will discuss rationale of the research interview and revise the statement of the research aim. In this chapter, researcher will be explaining the way of conducting the interview questionnaire. However, rationale of the questionnaire design will be included in this research which to enable interviewees understand the questions that stated in questionnaire. Last parts of this chapter will be determining the method of analysis that selected to evaluate and analysis the data. 3.1 Data Collection Technique After review to method of data collection, the method to be use in collecting data is qualitative data collection method. The reason of select qualitative data collection method; it is because qualitative data collection method is more suitable in this research study. 3.2 Interview Interview can defined as a conversation between two or more people, purpose of interviewer questioning is to obtain information from the interviewee. Beside that, interview can be flexible or inflexible which it is depending on the freedom of formulate the questions and issue being investigated. According to Dr S. G. Naoum, the interview can be classified in two forms which are structure interview and unstructured interview as Fig 3.1 Flexible interview structure Flexible interview contents Flexibility in interview questions Rigid interview structure Rigid interview contents Rigidity in interview questions and their wording 3.2.1 Advantages of Interview Interview is more applicable and useful for a complex situations compare to the other method. If interviewee encountered difficulty in answering questions or unable to understand the questions, the interviewer can direct clarify doubt to interviewee and ensure the interviewee is properly understood. In this case interview can obtain a higher understanding. Furthermore, interview will help in collecting depth data and information. The researcher can gain more detailed and accurate data through probe deep in interview situation. Face to face interview can produce a higher response rate which interviewee provides the answer through communication as interviewee may not require reading and writing the answer. Beside that, interviewing has a wider application, especially suitable for those who are week and lacks reading skills. 3.2.2Disadvantages of Interview Interview is more time-consuming and expensive compare to other method of research. Interview will spend a lot of time and may not be cost efficient if particular of research have number of tasks to study. On the other hand, the quality of data is depending on the ability of the interviewer. Quality of data collected might affected by experience and skill of communication of the interviewer. Interviewee may provide inaccurate information if interviewer being faulty in ambiguous questions to interviewee. Furthermore the other disadvantage is interviewer bias in leading. Leading is the way that interviewer guide the interviewee in answering the questions. Verbally may affect the leading by the actual word used, other than that non-verbally which is body language might effected the leading during the interview. Any faulty of leading will cause inaccurate data collected. In additional, quality of interaction might affect the quality of data collected. The interaction between interviewer and interviewee might vary from different interview, in the result the quality of data collected may dramatically lower and lack of credibility. 3.3 Statement of Research Aim In this research will carried out based on one aim and three objectives. To make the research more credibility, one aim and three objectives will apply in design of the interview and conduct the questionnaire. The aim of this study is to determine roles of safety officer to implement safety training programs, in order to create a safe workplace. In achieving this aim, there objectives stated as following: To highlight the hazard and accidents that most commonly found at construction sites, To identify the scopes and characteristics of safety officer to create a safe workplace To determine effectiveness safety training programs for site workers in Malaysia construction sites. These three objectives are generated, after the researcher critically reviews the book, articles and journal. Three objectives might apply in interview through face to face interview to local construction site personnel. 3.4 Rationale of Questionnaire Design This dissertation title is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Safety Plan in Construction Site: Safety Officer Perspectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Safety and Health Officer is playing a very important in create a safe workplace. The accident occurs in construction site are usually affect the objective of the project. Questionnaire design may touch on background and organization of interviewee. Questionnaire will identify causes and effect of accident occurs in construction site. The interviewees are request to elaborate the hazard and risk in construction site which to achieve the first objective set out by researcher. Furthermore, roles of Safety and Health Officer will be included in the questionnaire, it is to understand task and job done by Safety and Health Officer which related to the second objective of this dissertation. Other than that, questionnaire might investigate the process of hazard assessment. The third objective will achieved that the questionnaire will determine the training element which ca rry out by Safety and Health Officer. The interviewee is requiring to explain the contents of the safety training. 3.5 Research Sample The interviewees were selected based on certain characteristics required to meet the research objective. In this chapter, the site personnel with experience in safety and health issue and training will be selected. In this case, with experience and knowledge of the interviewee, the data collected from them will become more credibility and accurate. Furthermore, project manager, site supervisor and safety and health officer will be the target population for this study. This survey target on different construction position level of interviewees, it is because every position of work may have their own opinion and knowledge in safety and health issues. The sampling area will focus in peninsular Malaysia and Sabah construction sites. It is more easier to gather the accurate information and answer. 3.6 Method of Analysis In this element, the analysis will do based on data that collected from the interviewees. The method of analysis used is trend approach that require to analysis the interactions provided by interviewees. In the analysis part, researcher will describe the out come of interview with ten site personnel in a conversation from. Every question will provided with three answers that collected from the selected interviewees. In the other hand a discussion will be included to analyze and compare the information obtained from the interviewees. 3.7 Reason of choose interview In this research, interview will carry out to gather data and information. By using this matter, data collected from interviewees will more accurate compare to other matter. If used questionnaire method, the respondents may simply answer the questions, due to respondent might not understand the questions asked. But used interview method, if interviewees not understand the questions asked, the interviewer can explain to them. In the other hand, if interviewees understand the questions asked, the answer provided by them will become credibility. 3.7 Potential Problem and Contingency plan Quality of data collected The problem might encountered during the interview are the quality of information and data that collected from the different interviewees. All interviewees are from different background, furthermore they have different experience and opinion in safety and health issues, so the data that obtained by them may vary. To over come this problem, interviewer might select the interviewees who have number of years experience in construction firm. Beside that, interviewer may interview the site personnel who currently on position project manager or site supervisor or safety and health officer. Low respond rate During the interview, the interviewer may encountered hard to make appointment with the interviewees, because not many people are willing to interview. In interviewees opinion, interview are not part of job for them, the interviewees might think spend time to accept interview and answer the questionnaire is wasting time. Therefore, the interviewer have responsibility to minimize the problem that ensure have enough people to accept interview. The method can be use to solve this problem is interviewer should list out the company to be interview. Companies selected for this interview should more than 20 companies to avoid some of the people refuse to accept interview. 3.8 Rationale of Questions The below questions were designed based on Objective 1. Question 1: Do you think apply Personal Protective Equipment can reduce the number of accident? Why? This question is to identify use of the PPE and purposes apply PPE when site workers carried out the hazardous work in construction site. Interviewees require to explain how their apply PPE when carried out the hazardous works. Question 2: In your opinion, what are the causes of accident happened in construction site? This question attempts to find out the factors and causes of accidents happened in construction site. Question 3: In point of view, what are the effects of accident occurs in the site? Please elaborate. This question attempts to request the interviewees to mentioned the effect that generated by accidents occur on site. Question 4: How does the first-aid unit locate in construction site? This question attempts to determine how interviewees locate the first-aid unit in their construction site. The below questions were designed based on Objective 2 Question 5: In practical standard, what are the roles of a Safety and Health Officer? This question attempts to identify the tasks and works should carry out by a Safety and Health Officer. Furthermore interviewees are requiring to elaborate what are the scopes of work of a Safety and Health. Question 6: Who is responsible for risk assessment and hazard control? This question attempts to find out who is responsible for risk assessment and hazard control. Question 7: What are the procedures for risk assessments? This question attempts to determine process of risk assessment to be carried out before and during the life of project. The below questions were designed based on Objective 3. Question 8: Who is responsible for safety and health training? This question attempts to find out who responsible for safety and health training. Question 9 Based on your experience, what are the elements needed to cover during the safety and health training? This question attempts to determine the contains of safety and health training. Beside that, interviewees have to explain what to be trained during the safety and health training. Question 10: In your organization, did the site personnel receive the refresher Safety and Health training? If yes, please explain how frequent the training held and how long of the training period. This question attempts to find out does every construction company have provide refresher Safety and Health training to their workers.

Installing an Intake :: essays research papers

Installing an aftermarket intake is easier then you think with these easy to follow instructions. All that is needed are a few basic tools: a regular screw driver (flat head) and a ratchet with a 3/8† bit and an adjustable wrench. There is no need to jack the car up for installing this part; all that is needed is to pop the hood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After you have gathered all of your tools, pop the hood and get familiar with what you we will be replacing. The intake is the big black plastic box found at the lower left hand corner of the engine and the pipe that runs up to the intake manifold that is at the top of the engine. What the short ram intake does is create a more direct path to the intake manifold; it also increases the amount of air taken in with the bigger filter. Before doing anything to the car, it is always a good idea to take the negative terminal off the battery just so there is no power in the wires in case something slips. Use your adjustable wrench and loosen the negative terminal on the battery. Now just pull the wire off and let it rest somewhere on the battery making sure it is not touching the positive terminal or the negative terminal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now that the battery is disconnected, let’s start by loosening the clamp at the intake manifold and the intake pipe. Use the screw driver and loosen the clamp until you can get your small finger underneath the clamp. There should be two bots holding down the intake box. Use the ratchet with your 3/8† bit and use the bolts right out and place them somewhere safe in case you ever decide to put the old intake back on. Now that the bolts are out, carefully pull up on the air box and remove it from the connecting pipes under it. The air box should just come up so just wiggle it a bit if it appears to be stuck. Now pull the intake pipe off the intake manifold but watch for the clamp you will need this for the next step. Once again if it appears to be stuck just, give it a little wiggle. Now pull the entire piece out of the engine and you will notice a lot of free space. You are now ready to put in the AEM short ram intake. Installing an Intake :: essays research papers Installing an aftermarket intake is easier then you think with these easy to follow instructions. All that is needed are a few basic tools: a regular screw driver (flat head) and a ratchet with a 3/8† bit and an adjustable wrench. There is no need to jack the car up for installing this part; all that is needed is to pop the hood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After you have gathered all of your tools, pop the hood and get familiar with what you we will be replacing. The intake is the big black plastic box found at the lower left hand corner of the engine and the pipe that runs up to the intake manifold that is at the top of the engine. What the short ram intake does is create a more direct path to the intake manifold; it also increases the amount of air taken in with the bigger filter. Before doing anything to the car, it is always a good idea to take the negative terminal off the battery just so there is no power in the wires in case something slips. Use your adjustable wrench and loosen the negative terminal on the battery. Now just pull the wire off and let it rest somewhere on the battery making sure it is not touching the positive terminal or the negative terminal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now that the battery is disconnected, let’s start by loosening the clamp at the intake manifold and the intake pipe. Use the screw driver and loosen the clamp until you can get your small finger underneath the clamp. There should be two bots holding down the intake box. Use the ratchet with your 3/8† bit and use the bolts right out and place them somewhere safe in case you ever decide to put the old intake back on. Now that the bolts are out, carefully pull up on the air box and remove it from the connecting pipes under it. The air box should just come up so just wiggle it a bit if it appears to be stuck. Now pull the intake pipe off the intake manifold but watch for the clamp you will need this for the next step. Once again if it appears to be stuck just, give it a little wiggle. Now pull the entire piece out of the engine and you will notice a lot of free space. You are now ready to put in the AEM short ram intake.

Adaptation of Robotic Arachnid in the Tropical Rainforest

This paper actually presents ways of making a robotic arachnid adapt easily to the rainforest region, i. e. creating navigational algorithms that would enable the robot survive the rainforest when autonomously driven. According to a recent study, the robot to be built would get its adaptation features from an animal that easily adapts to its surroundings in the rainforest region like the amazon or thereabout; the model that would be created for the robot would be such that it would make use of the animal’s gait style and movement. This animal’s gait style and way of adapting to its surrounding would provide aid in creating the navigation algorithms necessary for the robot’s movement. From a study conducted by the crew from www. destination360. com, a list of animals that actually easily adapt to the rainforest is listed below; it is from this list that a an animal would be picked and a navigational algorithm would be created and used to help the gait style of the robot. This is the largest and most powerful member of the Amazon cats, the jaguar is revered locally as being a matchless hunter. It is leanly built and stealth in action. The jaguar is the King of the Amazonian food chain- it is best spotted in the forest area, near a stream, close to nightfall-this is also the time it mostly hunts for its prey. Its preferred habitats in the rainforest are the swampy and wooded regions in the rainforest. Some of the walking traits of the Jaguar are that it stalks and ambushes its prey, it is a very good climber, they enter water freely, active during the day, they hunt mainly at night and on the ground. They are also very swift hunters. The Jaguars are extremely powerful and the same power applies for their bite too. They are the second strongest of all mammals. One of the things we can take out the Jaguar in order to model the robot to be built, since the Jaguar has adaptive features such as its powerful limbs and agility in climbing tree trunks. Theory behind Jaguar The job to be done is to model the Jaguar’s gait style to suit the rainforest region. To do this we create a suitable control algorithm for the rainforest, therefore suitable regions would need to be accessed, like the marshy, sandy and other types of terrains with fallen logs of wood lying in the forest. We would like to make sure and robot to be built would have close to the same characteristics of the Jaguar. -It is usually located near water so it would be able to swim and navigate the aquatic terrain of the rainforest. -It is a cautious animal. It usually stalks and ambushes its prey. -It has a short and sturdy limb structure, which makes it adept for climbing, swimming and crawling. -It has a short and sturdy physique and thus easily fits in to adapt to its environment. Our robot should be strong enough to withstand the rigours of rainforest, so by studying the speed-torque characteristics of the actuators on the robot, to see if it will be strong enough to adapt to the rainforest, just like the Jaguar. The robot to be built would make use of legged locomotion for its movement givig it an edge in some terrains in the rainforest. What to be done is to study how it adapts to the rainforest. In creating these algorithms, once the path is known, a full body trajectory is drawn and with these an algorithm can be drawn. Observation I have discovered that to create algorithms, a full body trajectory starting with the trajectory for each leg is drawn or calculated using Inverse Kinematics such that the robot to be built would walk and keep balance (static stability analysis) at the same. Since robots walk according to a prescribed trajectory for a particular region errain to be studied (the rainforest being the preferred region). Trajectories are acquired by experience or some optimization. The Tapir This is another animal that can be found in the rainforest, their preferred habitat is the dense rainforest. According to a recent study done by a carnival-in-Brazil team, they are rarely found in mountainous regions. One of the oldest Brazilian Amazon animals, the tapir is the world’s most primitive animal. It is an animal that has short legs, so in order to model the hexapod robot; one good question to be asked is; how does it adapt easily to the rain forest? Other animals in the rainforest that adapt easily are the †¢Apes or Orangutans, †¢Piranhas †¢The vampire bat †¢The Tucuxi and Boto Dolphin †¢The manatee (water ox).

Hamet Film Writing Assignment Essay

Hamet Film Writing Assignment Essay Hamet Film Writing Assignment Essay Madi Gonsalves Mrs. Bruszski R1/ Hamlet Film Writing Assignment December 2014 1) To create our reenactment of Hamlet’s soliloquy in Act 3 Scene 2 we watched several videos to see how the interpreted the play before we created our own. The one that inspired us the most was David Tennant, Patrick Stewart, & Penny Downie’s video. The element of the film that best illustrated my understanding of the play was how the actor used his tone in voice, how long he drew out the words, and his overall reactions while speaking the soliloquy. In this particular film Hamlet was found speaking into a camera almost contemplating ideas with random bursts of anger and deep thought. This seemed to make the greatest connection to the play and made the most sense to me because in the play he is going over how he should deal with his mother, which I interpreted as full of anger but with random moments of deep thought and realization that he couldn’t do this to his mother. 2) The most interesting choice that David Tennant, Patrick Stewart,

Round and Flat Characters in Trifles by S.Glaspells

Round and Flat Characters in Trifles by S.Glaspells Introduction Susan Glaspell, the author of the play Trifles, exhibits the behavioral nature of major and minor characters, which groups them as either round or flat characters. She constructs the play after working as a journalist researching on the murder of John Hossack hence categorizing it as a real story. In Glaspell’s play, the characters display stereotypes especially the gender and cultural stereotypes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Round and Flat Characters in Trifles by S.Glaspells specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Wiehardt, round characters are the main characters in a piece of writing who face problems in their life that become their turning point (1). They undergo an awful experience that pressure them to change their character. On the other hand, a flat character is an unprogressive minor character in a story that remains in the same position throughout the story (Wiehardt 1). In th e play Trifles, the author strategically features two round characters like Minnie Foster and John Wright. However, the play has a good share of the flat characters like Mrs. Hale and Mr. Hale among others. In her early days, Minnie Foster is a felicitous, melodious and always in good spirits girl (Glaspell 7). All her dresses have bright colors hence making her famous among other girls. Unfortunately, after her marriage to Mr. Wright her cheerful character turns into sorrow hence only somber mood prevails in her house. One of Mrs. Wright’s neighbors, Mrs. Hale describes her character as a beautiful, fearful and cautious but all her behaviors disappear immediately after the marriage ceremony (Glaspell 5). Mr. Wright is Minnie’s husband whose character as uncouth, crude harsh turns him oppressive especially to his loyal wife. Minnie’s thirty year of marriage is void of happiness. However, one night, Mr. Wright dies when he is asleep. Surprisingly, Minnie says tha t someone strangled her husband while she is deep asleep. Unfortunately, her husband’s friend Mr. Hale discovers the death and reports to the authority. The Sheriff and attorney ignore her claims hence choose to put her in remand. After critical investigations, the law convicts her of murder because there is no trace another person as she claims. According to Wiehardt’s description of a round character, Minnie’s unchanging character categorizes her as one. Although Minnie has subservient and scheming character, her husband’s oppressive nature turns her into a murderer and outrageous woman hence kills her him after three decades of marriage. John Wright stands out as a round character dominated by chauvinism.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More John Wright chauvinistic character makes him an oppressor especially to his wedded wife. He disrespects, hates and abuses his wife all the time hence turning his wife against him. Although he is uncouth, unfriendly and selfish, his wife overpowers him killing him instantly. John Wright becomes powerless and weak loosing his ability to overpower or control his wife. The ability of Mr. Wright to change his domineering nature describes him as a round character. However, Gorge Henderson is a round character who is tough as presented by the author. The county attorney, Mr. George Henderson is among the flat characters as described by Wiehardt. He is one of the law enforcers carrying out the murder case of Mr. Wright. He bases on his professional qualifications and experience to carry out the investigation. He is tough, serious and dismisses opinion from other people. Ironically, as a crime expert, he does not concentrate on Mrs. Wright’s Kitchen, which is woman place. However, he focuses in the bedroom and the barn where her husband spends most of his time. As a law enforcer, he con victs Mrs. Wright to prison yet he has inadequate evidence. Additionally, he is unable to unfold one of the main evidence, a box, which describes Mrs. Wright as a murderer. The inability of the attorney to consider and be keen to other people especially women puts him under a flat character. The other law enforcer at the crime scene is the Sheriff, Henry Peters. He backs up the attorney during the investigation. Likewise, he overlooks the areas in the house like the kitchen, which could nail Mrs. Wright down. Additionally, he has a contempt character hence kicks a basket belonging to Mrs. Wright yet it might the source of evidence. Peters has a non-dynamic, unchanging character categorizing him as a flat character. Mrs. Hale stands out as an ignorant but obedient flat character as the play unveils. Mrs. Hale is the wife to Mr. Hale. Additionally, she is a neighbor to the Wrights but due to frequent fights in the home, she abandons the family. However, she turns up when a calamity hi ts the family, the death Mr. Wright. Although the sheriff and the attorney disapprove her contribution to the murder case, she loiters around the crime scene hence discovering a box that contains evidence against Mrs. Wright. As a woman, she decides to ignore the law officers and hides the box. She displays her submissive and quietness as the society expects from her. Mrs. Hale’s character as obedient and submissive describes her as a flat character, she is not ready to break the law, therefore, secretly keeps the box with evidence.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Round and Flat Characters in Trifles by S.Glaspells specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lewis Hale is a farmer, neighbor and a friend to the Wrights family (Wade 2). When he comes to visit his neighbors, he discovers the death of Mr. Wright from the wife. He decides to report the murder case to the police station. During the investigation, he follows t he Sheriff and attorney because he is determined to unravel the truth. However, his presence at the crime scene does not change situation. Mr. Hale character as a good neighbor, friendly and loyal to his character is non-dynamic even after he discovers a crime. The issue of stereotypes assumes a good share in the play through the way the author strategically allocates the different roles to her different characters who in turn successfully depicts the stereotypes ranging from gender to cultural. The characters in the play display a high level of stereotype. There is both cultural and gender stereotyping. The men oppress women in the society, a situation women are unable to change. The play describes the kitchen as the woman’s place and not bedroom or barn. Due to discrimination, Mrs. Hale decides to protect Mrs. Wright as a fellow woman hence keeps away the evidence that she is a murderer. In summary, there are two types of character in the play; round and flat characters. Mr . and Mrs. Wright are the round characters because of their dynamic nature. The rest of the characters fall under flat characters because their situation and behavior is stagnant in the play. Finally, stereotyping is an issue that the author fully exhibits in the play. The women are submissive standing out as ones who face oppression from the society, a role they willingly accept. Glaspell, Susan. Trifles. England: Oxford UP, 1916. Print. Wade, Bradford. Trifles by Susan Glaspell Plot and Character Analysis, 2009. Web. plays.About.com Wiehardt, Ginny. ‘Flat character’ About .com. Need. Know. Accomplish. New York: Winnipeg, 2011. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wiehardt, Ginny. ‘Round character’ About .com. Need. Know. Accomplish, 2011. Web. Apr. 11 2011. Fictionwriting.about.com/od/glossary/g/Roundcharacter.htm

Marketing Plan for a new Organic goods company Assignment - 1

Marketing Plan for a new Organic goods company - Assignment Example In this proposed marketing plan, a particular fruit i.e. organic apple has been taken into concern for promoting in the current organic fruit business industry of the UK. Now, the company is intending to expand its business in the emerging UK food business industry. In this regard, the proposed marketing proposal for the company would focus on critically analysing different marketing research tools such as PESTLE, SWOT and marketing segmentation strategies in the context of UK food industry. Additionally, the proposed marketing plan would also incorporate the process of selecting effective marketing approach and different actions in order to enable OABC to achieve its business objectives in the growing food industry of the UK. A financial plan, metrics and appropriate implementation as well as controlling process have further been illustrated for the company in order to attain success of its desired business objectives. Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 2 2. Situation Analysis 4 2.1 PESTLE Analysis 4 2.2 SWOT Analysis 6 3. Market Segmentation 7 3.1 Targeting 8 3.2 Positioning 8 4. Objectives 9 5. Marketing Strategy 10 6. Marketing Programs 11 6.1 Marketing Mix Strategy 11 7. Financial Plans 12 8. Metrics & Implementation Controls 13 References 15 Bibliography 17 2. Situation Analysis The aspect of situational analysis involves the study of demonstrating the scenario with respect to external environmental factors of a country or a location, wherein the business to be performed (Grabosky & Braithwaite, 1993). The following situation analysis in the form of conducting PESTLE and SWOT would examine the major influencing factors in accordance with the business objectives of OABC. 2.1 PESTLE Analysis Political Factor Although the political condition of a country has major influence on a particular business, the adequate flexibility along with greater deregulatory policies within the political framework of the UK would eventually provide major opportunities for O ABC to market organic apples. The well-structured governmental regulations and the adequate balances of the regulatory processes in the UK have long been identified to provide extensive support for the foreign entrepreneurs. Therefore, the political factors would provide a major support for the company to successfully establish its business unit in the respective country (Coventry University, 2013). Economic Factor The economic factors such as income level of the consumers, interest rates portfolio, taxation programmes, exchange and inflation rates of the UK can also be considered to ensure providing adequate support to OABC in successfully achieving its desired financial goals. Specially mentioning, the higher economic growth with regard to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rate of the nation would also provide an effective support to the company to substantially market and promote its quality based highly nutritional organic apples (Agriculture Horticulture Development Board, 2013). So cial Factor In the context of social factor, the increasing number of adult population along with budding changes in their food habits would also facilitate OABC to effectively perform its business operations in the UK market. Moreover, the increasing diversity of the UK populaces along with greater mobility of the communities can also provide greater

Read an article and respond to a prompt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Read an article and respond to a prompt - Essay Example These imaginary situations may not meet up with the real world stories every time. Still the use of these fantasy stories is good to teach the student about the real life problems. In other words, we can say that always a happy ending does not make a real sense but the hardships and the strengths of the fictional characters is the true symbol for the children to be idealized in their lives. The use of fairy tales may give a sense to the child that how he can face the problems coming in the life. There are some stories who give some moral lessons to the children. This moral and ethical personality development is very much necessary for the children because their behavior is shaped accordingly. The way of teaching the moral lesson should be impressive so that a child may not get bored or feel uninterested. Usually these fairy tales always make the main characters of the story a very positive, ethical and strong individual who can face any challenge coming in his/her life honestly. There are some stories which includes a step father or a step mother because of the parents death or some other stories in which the parents become old and want to hand over all the property to the most competent child. All of these story themes actually motivate the children to work harder in their lives in order to get success in their lives. The child may learn how the prince of the story achieves the success in the desired task and thus become the King of the state in place of his father. Child may also learn that he can get success in his life if he also work devotedly to achieve the goal of his life. These goals can be small or long term depending upon the situations. Here the important thing is the learning of the child to achieve the goal by hard work and devotion. Another aspect of these fairy tales is that they always end up with the imagination ‘and they lived happily ever after’. The

Advancements in Communications The Use of Cloud Computing Research Paper

Advancements in Communications The Use of Cloud Computing - Research Paper Example This paper will discuss various concepts of communication and its emerging factors in cloud environment. This paper will also outline the implications of cloud computing in communications. Cloud Computing  and Communications Cloud computing is one of the emerging concepts in telecom sector. In addition, cloud computing has successfully changed the dimensions of communication (Weiss; Koehler, Kraemer and Anandasivam). In today’s global world where new standards and technologies are offered and changed everyday each and every organization is trying its level best to make use of cloud computing. Additionally, the idea of cloud computing is already adopted in various fields. According to a research, cloud environment will be adopted in a large number of corporations and enterprises in upcoming years. In fact, cloud computing is already been adopted in various sectors such as communication and information technology which resulted in significant growth and profit generation (Phuk an). In this way the telecom sector is much energized about the scenario of cloud environment. In addition, the telecom sector will acquire numerous competitive advantages from networking operations along with modern technological aspects. Hence it will become easy for them to play an imperative role in the rapid growing world of cloud computing environment (Phukan). Cloud computing generally  offers a lot of convincing benefits for common users and organizations that used it, such as it is useful in many ways. It facilitates organizations with the cost of operations performed reduced capital and scalability according to our demands. So we are in right opinion towards business concerning matters to take full fledging advantage of the on-going computing resources and services according to our demands, collectively known as â€Å"the cloud†. Without a doubt, Cisco is a leading network oriented company is working with other industry leaders on joint venture to develop and expa nd protocols and standards that are useful in transformation of the long-term vision the Inter-Cloud form, today into reality. If the Cisco joint venture happens then it will make considerable changes in the cloud environment, further than the technology directions must change in this regard. The IT-related organizations, and how IT (information technology) mechanism with various business units, have to acclimatize as well, or organizations would not achieve what they desire from the cloud computing (Nations; Ingthorsson). If we research the Cloud Computing like both a service delivery model and technology concept, particularly according to its networking point of view, and also its various implications indeed. We already have studied the existing and promising technologies related to networks usually used in the Cloud computing, either in internal level or in external, it may include various aspects that correspond to WAN (wide area network) technologies as well as Data hub/centre interconnections. If we analyze the both Long-distance interconnections (MAN and WAN), the overall spectrum between information centers are visibly based on IP (internet protocol) standards that are used over the ATM (auto transit machine), Ethernet, SDH/ SONET and further recently, on MPLS with QoS as well as interconnection that have local capabilities.  

Sympathy for the Devil Essay Example for Free

Sympathy for the Devil Essay The first thing that I noticed when I heard this song is how different it is from almost every other song that I have heard. The instruments used seem odd for The Rolling Stones, and rock songs in general. It starts off with a combination of drums and maracas, sounding like Brazilian samba music. Usually rock music has a 4/4 backbeat with a bass drum, but this song does not contain that attribute. There is no rhythm guitar but instead an electric bass and piano is used. The bass guitar is used to replace the rhythm guitar, lead guitarist Keith Richards also plays it, and so this may explain this. I’m going to start off by discussing the lyrics of the song and what they are about. I noticed that one of the lines â€Å"every cop is a criminal, and all the sinners saints† seems to suggest that the devil isn’t that bad, and that all people have some devil in them. There seems to be confusion of good and evil. The devil is portrayed as â€Å"a man of wealth and taste† and polite as well by greeting using â€Å"let me please introduce myself.† Another line, â€Å"hope you guess my name, but what’s puzzling is the nature of my game† intrigued me. This line is not the songwriter saying that I hope you guess that its me playing the devil, it means that the devil is saying I hope you can recognize me because I may be in disguise and I don’t do evil myself, I trick people into doing it for me. The difference between good and evil is a continuing theme throughout the song. Jesus Christ in mentioned and the devil says that he â€Å"stolen many a mans soul and faith.† The songwriter is not arguing Christian doctrine, he is using the devil as a symbol of how it works in the world and that we need to have our guards up because evil will be disguised and may not appear as obvious to us. This was analyzed from the lines â€Å"I watched with glee, while your kings and queens fought for ten decades for the gods they made.† Now I will discuss the music, the different sections, and how they evolve throughout the song. The track begins with a beat on one drum, and then congas are added as accents to the last beats of the line. Other instruments join in and it sounds like a jungle beat with Jagger howling in the background like a wolf, giving the impression of being in a dark jungle. As the beat continues, piano is introduced with a slow series of chords. This is when Jagger beings by singing: â€Å"please allow me to introduce myself, I’m a man of wealth and taste.† After the first four lines bass starts and it builds on the drum mix still going on in the background. The bass makes the song sound angry, and the bass doesn’t play a repetitive riff it seems to be improvised or played randomly. The first verse and chorus end with the pianist playing at an even pace, but when the second verse begins he starts playing faster and more frantic. The sound of the instruments matches the lyrics of the song, singing about overthrowing government and the blitzkrieg. At the third verse we can hear background vocals singing at the end of each line. These vocals add an eerie sound to the rhythmic instruments, and Jagger’s voice begins to crack on every word. The fourth verse is a guitar solo by Keith Richards and is not really following the beat. He goes from note to note, sliding his fingers across the strings, producing a noticeable sound and then a note is held for several beats. The guitar represents the character that is portrayed in the lyrics, unpredictable. After the guitar solo we hear the chorus, followed by another verse and the chorus again. All of the instruments are played together now and it all seems to be improvised, with no recognizable rhythm. The guitar and vocals play off each other nicely and then Jagger says: â€Å"can you guess my name?† referring to the devil. Finally the song fades away to an end. When I watched a live video of The Rolling Stones performing this song I noticed how into it the whole crowd was. â€Å"Sympathy For The Devil† is sort of like an anti-war anthem for people. The whole stage was lit up in red with lights and there was fog on the stage as well to add more emotion to the song. In 2003, The Stones released this as a maxi-single, with 4 versions of the song. The original was there, as well as remixes by The Neptunes, Fatboy Slim, and Full Phatt. The industrial band Laibach released an entire album containing different covers of this song. The character and tone of the covers are largely very different from the Stones’ version. In the opening track the lead singer sings/shouts in a very deep bass voice with a thick Slavic accent. One of their covers contains references to the violence at the Altamont raceway. In 1969 a fan was fatally stabbed during a performance of this song and they didn’t play it live for 7 years because of this.

Importance of Training and Evaluation in Organisations

Importance of Training and Evaluation in Organisations INTRODUCTION: In the past several years human resource management become quite popular. Human Resource management is a very important internal part of an organisation. It has many functions like recruitment and selection, human resource development, reward and performance and management development. Skilled and developed employees are main strength of organisations success. Companies are willing to recruit skilled and talented people. But it is a short sighted approach for long term success. As mentioned above, in recent years of companies and organisations have realised importance of training and development. They are focusing on continuous improvement and learning through training and development in organisation. But for that employees are need to choose wisely. This part is related to recruitment and selection process. So HR manager need to choose people with the potential to learn more. Many organisations encourage employees to participate in training and development programme to learn the sys tematic knowledge in depth. Now it is realized that if there are more opportunities of development for employees, so that they stay committed longer to the organisation. Such motivated, experienced and trained staffs bring better organisation performance. Thats how organisation can produce best product or services that bring more customer satisfaction and more sales which ends in more profit. It also supports employee in participating training and development programme and thus, it increases job engagement of the employee to the organisation. Organisations definitely will gain more productivity from skilled and trained employees rather than non trained employees. Trained and engaged employees are motivated employees. Skilled and motivated employees are high performing employees. That is how employer and employee both can get benefit from training and development programme. (Beardwell Claydon, 2007) 2. STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT: This project focuses on human resource development. Main objective of this project is to explain the importance of training evaluation in an organisation. Training evaluation is the one of the crucial part of training process. But first we need to know, why training evaluation needed? From the beginning it is a key topic for most of the trainers. When, training and development do not give the required results than it can be very much harmful for the organisation. It can de-motivate the learners and can seriously damage their reputation. That is why training evaluation has been introduced. So that by evaluating training, trainers can get expected results. It also helps to make any appropriate changes where it is required. It gives the confidence to the trainer by providing result of that they are doing a good job. (Thorne K. Mackey D. 2007) HRM features create more importance when it is attached to strategic integration. It is more concerned to link the HRM issues into strategic planes. Strategic Human Resource Development (SHRD) is for giving the clear vision about employees abilities and potential to operate within the strategic framework of the business. New learning and development strategies are created under SHRD to achieve business goals. Training evaluation is needed to ensure that, is SHRD attaining the business goals or not? The main objective of SHRD is to enhance resources with the belief that firms employees are a major source of competitive advantage. It is more focused on intellectual capital, ensuring that are there right quality of employees available to meet the present and future needs. By creating a learning environment in which employees are encouraged to learn and develop to match the employability of outside and inside of organisation, should be one of its concerns. Michael Armstrong (2009) has hi ghlighted the philosophy of SHRD. HRD makes a major contribution to successfully achieve firms goals, investment in the benefits to the stakeholders of the organisation. HRM planes and programmes should be interact with and support to achieve the goals of business and HRM. Everybody in the organisation should be encouraged and given opportunity to learn and develop their skills and knowledge. In SHRD there should be a focus on self managed learning and support by coaching, training and monitoring. As we have seen learning, training, development and education are the elements of HRD. Learning should be distinguished from training. Therefore, organisations need to monitor their training programmes. (Armstrong M. 2009) From Baron J. Kreps D. (2005), now firms do not show training as a cost for the employee but as an investment. They said that, it is important to measure the training. By giving some examples, they argued about how it is difficult to measure of performance improvement. Therefore, evaluation is more likely to be considered as a capital investment of training. Trainer and trainee both should undergo from evaluation process. The result of this process will give better understanding about performance improvement. Making changes where necessary in training will provide great help in the integration with business strategies. According to Armstrong (1999) training evaluation is important to evaluate training in order to assess its effectiveness. It is important to know what ever training is provided to the employees; does it really help them in their work? Because, lot of time, effort and money spend to train employees. That is why Hamblin said any attempt to obtain information (feedback) on the effects of a training programme and to assess the value of the training in the light of that information. It is an integral feature of training. It gives the answer to the question of how far the training has achieved its purpose. Training evaluation makes sure that, the given training was investment rather than expense. RESEARCH MATHODOLOGY: All the data is gathered by secondary sources. Most of the data is collected from books. Some of the journals have been referred for adequate knowledge of the research report. Electronic source is the main source of gathering the relevant data. Both qualitative and quantitative data been gathered for the proposed research report. A case study has taken is supporting Kirkpatricks model. It provides the brief detail of how to make evaluation in training. (Bhattacharya, 2006) KIRKPATRICS TRAINING EVALUATION THEORY: To understand training evaluation, Kirkpatrick has introduced four level of training evaluation. Donald Kirkpatrick was president of the American Society of Training and Development in 1975. Reaction: Reaction evaluation is how the trainee felt, and their personal reaction to the training or learning experience. It is a feedback forms on training experience. Verbal reaction can also be noted and analysed. It can be done by post training surveys and questionnaires. Feedback form, which can be filled or verbally given to the manager. It contains personal feeling type questions, like did the trainees like and enjoys training? Did they consider the training relevant? Was it a good use of their time? Did they like the timing and the place of training? It is easy to do. It can be done immediately after completion of training. Easy to obtain reaction feedback. Easy to analyse. Not much expensive to gather all the data and for analyse. It become very helpful to know the primary questions like trainees were not unhappy or disappointed with training. Analyser has to assume that all the feedbacks are genuine. If it is than most of the feedbacks may be similar. Learning: Learning evaluation is the measurement knowledge from before and after learning experience. It can be done by doing assessment tests before and after training. Interview and observation can also be used instead of assessment test. Assessment test need to be closely related to the aims of learning. Measuring the test can be easy in g group rather than individual. Hard-copy, electronic, online or interview style assessment are types of gathering learning evaluation data. From the data, it is easy to figure out, did the trainee learn what every he intended to taught? Did the trainee experience what intended to experience in training? It is more time consuming and costly in compare to reaction evaluation. It only shows that how much knowledge h As trainee has. It doesnt shows that how much learning applied at the workplace. Behaviour: Behaviour evaluation in which trainees applied the learning and change their behaviour. This can take some time to change their behaviour it might take several weeks or months after the training. The main objective of behaviour evaluation is to find did trainees put their learning into effect? Are they using the relevant skill which has been taught? Is there any change in their activities while working? How is their performance? Is the trainee aware of the changing behaviour? Is the trainee trying to transfer their learning in others or not? As behaviour evaluation is an important evaluation process amongst the other processes. Observation need to done at certain level of training. Assessment test is not suitable in this because each trainee will take his own time to put his learning into effect. Assessment can be done only by suitable analysis tools. Judgement, observation or interviews are the best possible way to measure the impact of training. A flexible way, like 360 degree feedback is useful method for measuring the effect. It is less easy to measure the change in compare to learning behaviour. Cooperation and skills of observers are most important in this evaluations process. Analysers need to be very much accurate and experience in judging trainees behaviour. Behaviour evaluation should take place in some time duration during the training. So it depends on evaluators vision to see behaviour pattern, which can be varies amongst different evaluator. The support of line managers and trainers are essential in this evaluation process. Involving them from the beginning of the training would definitely beneficial for further assessments. Results: Result evaluation is the measurement of effect on the business or environment after the training. The main objective in this evaluation process is to find results or performance indicators like; sales, volumes, quality, timescale return on investment, performance, turnover, failure, wastage, achievements, accreditations, growth, retention etc,. Many of these measures can be done by other management systems and reporting. It can be found by how trainees inputs are affecting the performance after training. Commonly trainees are informed about the expected level of performance which needs to be achieved by the end of training. It requires simple links with the training inputs. Failure with this can reduce the chances of getting accurate results at the end. Result evaluation is particularly not difficult. It can be done by using qualitative and quantitative analysis. Targets can be set down with the use of this evaluation process. While doing the result evaluation, analyser needs to consider the external factors of environment which are affecting the performance of organisation. This can be good or bad. So the analysers have to be realistic towards the situation. (Kirkpatrick 2007) I think Kirkpatricks model gives foundation level knowledge to evaluators. There is a need to extend these levels. The four levels are over simplified. They do not consider the dynamic changes in the environment and in the organisation. By not considering the training environment, trainer will give a false training evaluation. Although the trainee is well trained, still he is not efficient as others. To find out such problem training programme need to consider the cultural and ethical factors. It is also missing the determination of usefulness and availability of organisational resources. Yes it is true that this model is very much useful during the training session. Minor problems with the trainees can be rectified and necessary steps can take to improve training programme. Thereafter it is not much useful. For more accurate result of training evaluation Philip has introduced ROI theory of training evaluation. It is also considered as a fifth level of Kirkpatricks model. Kaufmans five levels of evaluation: Roger Kaufman has introduced five level of evaluation by using the Kirkpatricks four levels. His evaluation model level includes addressing the viability of various resources and inputs necessary for successful interventions by adding social and client responsiveness with the consequences of payoffs. According to him, evaluation needs to consider both within and outside of organisation. His view of evaluation is broader than Kirkpatrick. He said that training is the only performance improvement so evaluator needs to see the contribution to performance inside as well as outside of the organisation. He showed the fifth level which is mega level. It is societal contribution, which is missing from Kirkpatricks framework. The mega level aims on societal usefulness like health, continuous profit, pollution level, safety. It concerns more for the future. Like what will be effect of it in the future market. Other levels are shown in the following table: The mentioned table shows the suggested levels of Kaufmans theory. He is making critics on the first level, that Kirkpatrick is not involving resource availability. Level two is considered as an assessment type. It focuses on training implementation. Level three is performance based. Identify the changes due to training. Fourth level is common in both. It includes performance improvement, cost benefits such as timely and quality output. If I put it in a simple way, Kaufmans five levels are interlinked with business strategy. It is a useful model for Strategic Human Resource Development. By considering all the environmental factors evaluator can give more accurate result. The quality of result is richer that simple evaluation result. (Kaufman R, Keller J Watkins R. 1996) CIRO METHOD OF TRAINING EVALUATION: War, Bird and Rackham introduced four level of approach called CIRO. Context: It checks back to the basics of training. It considers the environment within which training took place. Employer need to look the original methods for training and development. Employer need to check and analyse the information to identify specific needs. Input: This evaluation decides the best method of delivery. It takes into account of employees selection process, employee material and the level of involvement at workplace. By determining the accuracy of the input will increase the success of overall evaluation. Reaction: Reaction is not much different from Kirkpatricks behaviour evaluation. It evaluates the nature of employee and measure the reaction from learning. This can be useful to evaluate quality of employees. Outcome: It is the final evaluation to check the changes in employees at the workplace. It is easier to evaluate if results are numeric. Outcome is to check that how far training has transferred employees by measuring their performance. Warr, Bird and Rackham made a critic on Kirkpatricks four levels of evaluation. They said that this process may not always produce genuine, meaningful and long-term results. The parameters which Kirkpatrick looking to evaluate training are limited. It is not considering the firms overall ability to perform. CIRO model is requires more detailed analyses of an organisation. There are many factors that will affect training. So this evaluation model takes more time than Kirkpatricks model. (Thackwray B. 1997) ROI TRAINING EVALUATION THEORY: Jack Phillips has introduced ROI evaluation theory. It is also known as Jack Philips five level ROI model. As mentioned above training is considered as investment in people. ROI is the best match for this sentence. According to Philip, there are six trends which have increased the use of ROI. The increasing amount of training and development are pressuring for more accountability in business. Competitive strategies are linked with training and development, management are always eager to measure the contribution of training programme. Other programmes do not give as accurate result as ROI. Therefore many times programme sponsors have requested to for ROI justification. Including all the other functions, training and development is required for continues development and to hold the position in competition. Therefore many support efforts are taken for it. From the perspective of top executives in large number of organisation required ROI information. Trainers are now taking interest in justifying their contribution in training and development. So they increased their interest in ROI. ROI theory cannot be directly applied. For this there is a need of a classic model like Kirkpatricks model. Then the result should be taken for ROI such as turnover, quality improvement, productivity or cost reduction. To get the accurate ROI all programmes should be compared to cost implementation in order to value the investment. That is why ROI theory is called as a fifth stage of Kirkpatricks evaluation theory. On the other hand, this model requires final results. Only then evaluator can able to use this model. There isnt any more research need to be done if desired result can obtain, but if the results are wrong then evaluator need to go back to the basics. ROI is not a proper method to evaluate training. Because there are lot of qualitative aspects related to it. Use of ROI is just to check the returns on investment. This technique is more favourable to investors rather than evaluators. The ROI formula is the annual net programme benefits divided by programme costs. Where else the net benefits are the mandatory value of the benefit minus the cost of the programme. The ROI formula is as follows: (Philips 1996) CASE STUDY: A case study taken from journal of workplace learning. The aim of training is to give knowledge and leadership skills to the managers. The test was conduct on two groups of manager and supervisors of large municipal organisation. Both the groups are divided in 27 people. One group was undergoing from the training, while the other one is untrained. So the result will reflect the clear difference between both the groups. The data is evaluated by Kirkpatricks four levels of evaluation method. Candidates age, seniority, experience level and educational knowledge were almost identical. Reaction: Reaction was measured by a short questionnaire. 16 questions were given with from five scales from bad to excellent. The reaction training and the trainers were positive in general. The main result fallen under the other three levels. Suggestions were gathered to improve aspect of training facility. However, reaction is necessary, but not enough for a high quality evaluation. It is to measure that training is reaching the intended goals or not. Knowledge: It is to measure the aspects of effective leadership and management skills, measured by multiple choice questions. The results were remarkable. Candidates demonstrate a significant growth in knowledge. This will help managers to reach higher level of knowledge than untrained managers. The training apparently gets successful in this theoretical knowledge. Even somehow, this result was putting pressure to untrained managers to perform better. Behaviour: Managers behaviour is noticed after providing the adequate knowledge. Leadership behaviour had been discussed during the training. The present frequency compared with before training frequencies. The result was again showing positive indication. After training, a significant change been noticed. The behaviour toward leadership skills was higher in compare to untrained group of managers. The proposed result showed the increase in leadership behaviour is doubled that before from the gathered numbers. Result: Final result is showing the long term analyses of improved productivity, quality of product and processes, lower sickness and absence rate. The result is in two parts: self evaluation and evaluation by others. Both parts are showing positive result which is supporting the hypotheses, for long term effectiveness. But obvious it is often difficult to prove a causal link between training and long term effects. There are several factors like age, boredom from same kind of work, changing nature of human and other environmental factors effect it. This method cant be predicting the future, it just to measure the current performance. Further research gives the idea, for long term result a 360-degree evaluation should be more accurate than Kirkpatricks four level evaluation methods. Overall result showed the gap between trained managers and untrained managers. Step by step evaluation is giving the improvement in managers skills and knowledge. Training main objective was achieved. However, Kirkpatricks model is not giving accurate results. Further research need to done in this case. Individual evaluation between trained managers will give more accurate result than groups. For that, Philips ROI method, kaufmans five level and CIRO evaluation methods need to introduce. However, the candidates are almost identical as the case says. So, there wont be much difference in result. (Steensma H. 2010) As mentioned in the training proposal, training means investment in people to enable them to perform better and to empower them to make the best use of their natural abilities. It is very much important to improve employees skill which results better quality product or a high level of customer services. (Armstrong, 1999). RATIONAL: I would like to describe one of my own experiences regarding training and training evaluation. A few months back when I was working with an AGIES BPO as a customer care executive. My job task is very much related to a salesman. At the time of joining the company. Trainers have provided brief training regarding my work. After few month of working there was not much improvement in my work. My sales figures were low and I was staying away from reaching my goals. Considering my efforts companys trainer suggested me to participate in the further training programme which was called as PIP (Performance Improvement Programme). In this programme trainers had provided through training regarding my work. They provide me basics for the working tasks and advance techniques also. As my work was technical work, I have to give assessment test on each end of the day. At end of very first of PIP, a verbal interview has taken place where, trainer took the interview. It does include some simple question s like how are you feeling about training? Did you understand the concept? Do you know your way getting out of the problem? Assessment test were taken after each session, it was regarding the technical issues. The evaluation of training is going as per Kirkpatricks four level of evaluation pattern. Behaviour pattern has been marked as well. The taught soft skill in sales helps me to respond well in communication and the technical training helped me in doing my work easy and quickly. After the end of my training, I have been called for the face to face interview for measuring my learning and how well I can able to put it into practice. After that I was feeling like confidence enough to work with my full productivity as well as I was teaching some of the technical skills to my juniors. This is how training changed my way of working. At the end of the month I have achieved my sales targets without any problem. The results were showing the significant changes of training programme. CONCLUSION: Although the above mentioned discussion showed that how training and training evaluation is helpful for organisations own benefits and employees can also improve their own performance. It builds a moral interest in staff development. Future train programme can be determined by training evaluation. Training evaluation can also rectify the mistakes done in training programme and can build a new programme. Most important for an organisation, training programmes make the business stands in market. Changing culture, technology and ethics influence an organisations work place. To understand its effect and to cope with the competition there is an urgent requirement of training, and to ensure the training is going in right path, it becomes a necessity to do training evaluation. Training evaluation take part in most of the organisation. The above mentioned training evaluation theories are the key to analyse training and its effectiveness. Better working environment with well train ed workers can lead the organisation to high level. This can be helpful to gain more market share and better reputation among competitors and customers. Therefore it is not wrong to say that training evaluation is a vital part for an organisation. But it is not always because of the training. There are some cases when training is not enough to improve productivity regardless the evaluation is showing the uprising performance. As seen above, strategic human resource development is essential in developing business strategies. SHRD enables learning cycle. It creates a chain of continuous improvement. Measuring the evaluation and apply changes with that, can formulate flexible development strategy. Sometimes, employees are not happy with management or not happy with the payment and reward system. If some employees are chosen for the wrong position to work than how will training affect his performance or behaviour of working? There might a mistake from selection and requirement section. If a person is not satisfied with his work than there is no way of getting trained him for the future. According to Druckman ET, al, (1997), it is found that training is not always worth. Training do not give satisfactory output in some cases, there is evident that training is not always successful. Application on learning on practical basis at job, amount of learning depends on conditions at workplace. As mentioned the above cases. One of the factors affecting training success is how much employees are interested in participating in training programs. Training is more effective in participation condition is not compulsory. Training programme should be voluntary. Other factor is co-operation from the managers. Supportive environment always influence result training and makes it more efficient in practise. REFERENCES: Armstrong M. (1999), Human Resource Management Practice, 7th edition, Kogan Page Limited. London. Armstrong M. (2009), Strategic Human Resource Management: A Guide to Action. 4th edition. Kogan Page. New Delhi. Baron J. Kreps D. (2005). Strategic Human Resources: Framework for General Managers. John Wiley Sons, Inc. USA. Beardwell J. Claydon T. (2007). Human Resource Management: a contemporary approach. 5th edition. Prentice Hall, England. Bhattacharya D.K. (2006), Research Methodology, 6th edition, Excel Books, New Delhi. Druckman D., Singer J.E. Van Cott H.P. (1997). Enhancing Organisational Performance. National Acedemy.USA. pp: 106-107. Kaufman R, Keller J Watkins R. (1996), What Work What Doesnt: Evaluation Beyond Kirkpatrick. Volume 35. Kirkpatrick D. (2007). The Four Levels of Evaluation. American Society for Training and Development. USA Philips J.J. (1996). Technical and skills training. [Online] available at: http://www.astd.org/NR/rdonlyres/D0BCF259-880D-4EEC-BF89-7F1B9A88F430/0/phillips.pdf. [Accessed: 27 April 2010] Steensma H. (2010), Evaluating the Training using the Four Level Model. Journal for Workplace Learning. Leiden University. [Online] available at: [Accessed 22 Aug 2010]. Thackwray B. (1997), Effective Evaluation of Training and Development in Higher Education. Kogan Page, London. Thorne K Mackey D (2007). Everything you ever needed to know about training. Kogan Page Ltd, USA.